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The influence of climate on behavior. appears all-pervasive. Indeed, who can claim that we

ather factors have no influence on their decision-making？ Everyone can point to instances where plans and activities have been changed because of weather conditions. People's moods also change with the weather: bright sunny days seem to lift spirits, while dark rainy periods bring on depression.

Law enforcement agencies are beginning to show interests in the effect of atmospheric conditions on behavior. Every year, the FBI's Uniform. Crime Reports provide break-downs of the crime rates by month and season of the year. Both monthly and seasonal variations are considered to reflect the varying influence of temperature, precipitation, humidity, length of daylight, and a number of other climatological factors.

Various studies find relationships between specific climatological conditions and crime. Rising temperature is generally accompanied by increase in aggression and violent crime. On the other hand, high humidity appears to reduce the incidence of physical activity and aggression. Rain, cloud cover, and other forms of inclement weather are associated with lower levels of property crimes and increased depression.

Our study showed that low humidity has the most widespread influence on all types of crime studied. The analysis also shows that as humidity increase the level of crime decreases. Temperature also has a great effect. Increasing temperature fails to influence the number of nighttime burglaries/larcenies, but it does increase the other crime categories. Burglaries/larcenies (day and night) and daytime assaults also tend to increase along with cloud cover. Except for wind speed and barometric pressure with regard to daytime assaults, the remaining weather factors have virtually no influence on the levels of crime.

Individuals who respond with criminal behavior. to weather change or weather extremes may be controllable by administering drugs that offset these influences. Electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain may someday be a feasible countermeasure to aggressive stimuli due to increased temperature or other weather variables.

Changing or manipulating the weather is one possible means of attacking a weather crime interaction. This approach may not be feasible due to the many relationships between weather/ climate and the rotation of the earth. Minor changes may be possible such as regulation of rainfall of sky cover. On the other hand, temperature control may be impossible.

More research is needed to assess and clarify the relationship between crime and the various climatological factors. Once this is accomplished, it will be necessary to devise more accurate means of forecasting the weather, counteracting the effects of weather on human behavior, and controlling the environment, or identifying other approaches to the problem.

People are likely to be very active and aggressive

A．when it is rainy and cloudy.

B．as humidity increases.

C．when there is little moisture.

D．as temperature decreases.

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更多“The influence of climate on be…”相关的问题
第1题
The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain [

The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.

[A]certain

[B]positive

[C]trivial

[D]destructive

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第2题

In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that " social epidemics" are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influential, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the "two-step flow of communication" : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required at all.

The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don' t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.

Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called "global cascades"—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.

By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to （）.

A.analyze the consequences of social epidemics.

B.discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas.

C.exemplify people' s intuitive response to social epidemics.

D.describe the essential characteristics of influentials.

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第3题

According to the passage, Pearl Buck described herself as "mentally bifocal" to suggest that she was （）.

A.capable of resolving the differences between two distinct linguistic systems

B.keenly aware of how the past could influence the future

C.capable of producing literary works of interest to both

D.equally familiar with two different cultural environments

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第4题
Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？A．It was founded by

Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？

A．It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

B．Its designing concept was affected by World War II.

C．Most American architects used to be associated with it.

D．It had a great influence upon American architecture.

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第5题
Why have some tribes joined the Iraqi police and army？A．They hate of being Sunni rebels in

Why have some tribes joined the Iraqi police and army？

A．They hate of being Sunni rebels in Ramadi.

B．They want to drive al-Qaida members from their region.

C．They would be able to move to southern city of Diwaniyah with military force.

D．They intend to stop rising influence of Shiite militia loyal to Moqtada al-Sadr.

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第6题
Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"—physical objects that can be s
een, held, fell, used — that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music: can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot bear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their develop ment. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.

Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutusl influence

among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music cul Lure as a whole.

One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; the)' have affected music cultures all over the globe.

Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance bucause ______.

A．it helps produce new cultural tools and technology

B．it can reflect the development of the nation

C．it helps understand the nation's past and present

D．it can demonstrate the nations civilization

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第7题
There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods
. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses—all of which led to modem descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modem inferentical statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.

Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level—variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum or the data may represent qualitative variable, such as sex, college major, or personality type.

Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form. the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.

Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.

Which of the following are counting and describing associated with？

A．Descriptive statistics

B．Unknown variables

C．Qualitative changes

D．Inferential statistics

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第8题
A Census Bureau （人口调查局) survey released Thursday shows a college graduate can expect

A Census Bureau (人口调查局) survey released Thursday shows a college graduate can expect to earn $ 2. 1 million working full-time between 25 and 64, which demographers (人口学家) call a typical work-life period. A master' s degree-holder is projected to earn 2.5 million, while someone with a professional degree, such as a doctor or lawyer, could make even more--$ 4.4 million. In contrast, a high school graduate can expect to make $ 1.2 million during the working years, according to the bureau report that tracked the influence of education on lifetime earnings.

Not all students look at college as an investment, "but I am sure parents do," said Jacque line King, policy analyst with the American Education Council, a higher education advocacy (拥护) group. "The college is to convince those high school students on the margins that it is really worth their time to go to college." Kevin Malecek, a graduate student in American poli tics at American University in Washington said most of his classmates find higher education to be worth the time and financial promise. "They go to every single class, and they are trying to get the most out of their own dollar," he said. The survey was conducted between March 1998 and March 2000. All estimates are based on 1999 salaries and probably will increase as salaries rise over time, Census Bureau analyst Jennifer Day said. The estimates do not account for inflation (物价上涨) or for differences in the earning potential of various fields of study. For example, people with computer science degrees tend to earn more than those with social work degrees.

The phrase "students on the margins" in Line 3 of Paragraph 2 most probably refers to ______.

A．students Who actually regard higher education as an investment

B．students who can't afford the money to go to college or university

C．students who can't go to college because they have failed in the college entrance examination

D．students who don' t know whether higher education can have great influence on their earnings

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第9题
As the Beatles represent the most important English contribution to rock in the 1960's, Bo
b Dylan is the most important American contributor. This is true in spite of the fact that he has never reached the top sale list of the record industry in the way the Beatles have.

Bob Dylan emerged from the popular folk movement during 1962 and 1963. His first two re cords, "Bob Dylan" and "the Freewheelin' Bob Dylan, "appeared in those years and established his national reputation. This reputation grew slowly, and was helped by his appearance around New York City and at college concerts. As early as 1962, Dylan became known for the quality and quantity of his song-writing. And Dylan' s material has reflected a social awareness and has always involved pro test against injustice. It has aroused a broad trend of similar songs in the present-day market. These elements, in combination with Dylan' s particular sound, have made him one of the most remarkable figures in the history of rock.

Compared with the Beatles, Bob Dylan ______.

A．has more influence on rock music

B．has sold fewer records of his songs

C．is more important in the record industry

D．is less important in American rock

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第10题
The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teac
her to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a (an)【1】for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way, it【2】a variety of functions in human life.

The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the【3】of leisure: there is less time for games, amusement and rest.【4】by what is happening on the screen, children not only imitate what they see but directly【5】themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the【6】of violence in the media and its【7】harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media【8】, such as video games, cable television, music videos, and the Internet. As they continue to gain popularity, these media,【9】television,【10】public concern and research attention.

Another large societal concern on our young generation【11】by the media, is body image.【12】forces can influence body image positively or negatively.【13】one, societaland cultural norms and mass media marketing【14】our concepts of beauty. In the mass media, the images of【15】beauty fill magazines and newspapers,【16】from our televisions and entertain us【17】the movies. Even in advertising, the mass media【18】on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitness for commercial gain. Young adults are presented with a【19】 defined standard of attractiveness, a(n)【20】that carries unrealistic physical expectations.

(1)

A．alternative

B．preference

C．substitute

D．representative

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第11题
Part ADirections: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by cho

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

The United States Congress is a bicameral legislature. Two Houses-Senate and House of Representatives make the laws. Before a bill may be sent to the President to sign, both houses must approve. When great agreement exists on a bill, the law moves quickly. However, most suggested laws are complex and relate to interests and conflicts which need debate and careful consideration.

Both houses of Congress use the committee system to handle the numerous bills. A bill is referred to the committee responsible for that category -- whether taxation, foreign affairs, housing or whatever. In the committee the bill is studied, arguments are collected for and against, and advice is gathered from experts on the subject. Citizens have the chance to influence legislation through the committee system. If the committee votes favorably, the bill goes before the entire house. Usually, committee approval means favorable action by the Senate and House of Representatives.

As a result, membership on the more important committees is eagerly sought. How long a senator or representative has served in Congress is most important in assigning committee memberships. Usually the majority political party receives a majority of the memberships of each committee. In this way the party controls decisions because the real work and power of Congress lies in the system of committees. Some people protest that this system restricts laws, but most see this as the system that works best.

By using the context and word part clues, we may conclude that "bicameral" means _______.

A．Republicans and Democrats

B．two Houses

C．congressional system

D．law making procedure

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